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APOD
Astronomy Picture of the Day
Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
Explanation: Not all those who wander are lost. A night sky example is that planets wander, and in fact the very word “planet” comes from “wandering star” in Greek. As planets shift relative to fixed stars, they may appear from our perspective to get closer to other astronomical objects. Such meetings are called conjunctions. They don’t happen by chance, but follow the precise laws of celestial mechanics. This peaceful image, captured in Poland, shows the crescent Moon above the Tatra Mountains, and bright Venus close by, a little lower in the horizon. The bright star to the left of Venus is Spica in the constellation of Virgo, the Maiden. Spica is one of the brightest stars in the sky, only about 250 light-years away. It was found in 1890 that Spica is a binary star: two massive blue stars orbiting each other every 4 days. But earlier this year it was reported that Spica, the current companion of wandering Venus, is actually a triple system.
Tomorrow’s picture: what’s next?
| Date | November 12, 2026 |
|---|---|
| Credit & Copyright | Włodzimierz Bubak |
| Authors & editors: | Cecilia Chirenti, Robert Nemiroff, Jerry Bonnell, Keighley Rockcliffe |
| A service of: |
ASD at NASA / GSFC, NASA Science Activation & Michigan Tech. U. |
2026-11-12 05:01
Compared to ecosystems in many other parts of the world, the blanket bogs of the Flow Country in northern Scotland are unassuming—soggy, treeless landscapes dominated by hummocky mosses, grasses, and heathers. Yet, to ecologists, the seemingly desolate areas are nothing short of extraordinary.
The bogs store tremendous quantities of carbon. That’s because their soils are so waterlogged that microbes cannot fully break down dead plant material, a process that would otherwise release carbon dioxide. Instead, partially decayed plant matter accumulates into thick layers of spongy, crumbly, carbon-rich material called peat.
The unusual ecosystems, also called blanket mires and featherbed bogs, only occur in places with abundant rainfall, poor drainage, and low levels of evapotranspiration. These types of bogs cover just 120,000 square kilometers (46,000 square miles) globally, less than one-tenth of one percent of Earth’s land surface. The image above, captured by the OLI (Operational Land Imager) on Landsat 8, is centered on blanket bogs in the Scottish Highlands, home to the largest such ecosystem in Europe. This peatland is also the first of its type to be inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The peat bogs of northern Scotland, home to more than 30 species of sphagnum moss, are spread across some 1,900 square kilometers (730 square miles) of the country’s Highlands region. In this image, boggy areas appear dark brown and are sprinkled with lakes. The light green area on the right side around Thurso is farmland. The darker green geometric patterns in the center are conifer plantations. The image was captured in the spring, the part of the year when the land surface is most waterlogged and peat bogs begin to accumulate large amounts of new biomass.
While forests store most of their carbon in living trees—which eventually release it back into the atmosphere when they burn or die—peat bogs often store carbon for many thousands of years. Some parts of the Flow Country have been accumulating peat for more than 9,000 years, building deposits exceeding eight meters thick, according to UNESCO. Overall, scientists estimate that all of the world’s peatlands cover just 3 percent of Earth’s land surface but store more than 600 gigatons of carbon—about twice as much as all the world’s forests combined.
NASA Earth Observatory images by Michala Garrison, using Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey. Story by Adam Voiland.
Stay up-to-date with the latest content from NASA as we explore the universe and discover more about our home planet.

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2026-11-12 00:41
2 min read
Written by William Farrand, Senior Research Scientist, Space Science Institute
Earth planning date: Friday, Nov. 6, 2026
This week Curiosity has been completing its drill campaign at the “Nazca” drill hole. This is an area characterized by bedrock containing disk-shaped (or in a liberal interpretation, potato chip shaped … see linked image) crystal forms. A key objective has been to better characterize these chip-shaped features. Drill samples were delivered to the Sample Analysis for Mars (SAM) instrument. While the SAM analysis was on-going, Monday’s plan included a ChemCam LIBS observation of another crystal-form, “Ahi Veremos,” more Mastcam frames to fill out a mosaic of the Nazca near to mid-field, and environmental observations including a large dust devil survey, and horizon and atmospheric zenith movies.
Wednesday’s plan included two targeted science blocks with a LIBS depth profile of the “Colca” crystal-form and LIBS of the “Bermejo” target. A long distance Remote Micro-Imager (RMI) mosaic of rock clusters below the “Cordillera” ridge was also collected. Mastcam collected more frames of its Nazca mosaic, and more environmental observations were made.
Friday’s planning was for three sols with three targeted science blocks and a drive away from the Nazca drill site. A MAHLI mosaic of the side of the block that hosts the Nazca drill hole was planned. It was also planned to use MAHLI’s nighttime white-light and ultraviolet LED lamps for nighttime imaging of the crystal-forms. Mars’ moon, Phobos, was eclipsing the Sun and imaging of that event was prioritized. ChemCam LIBS observations were planned for each sol including a cluster of crystal forms, a resistant layer in the side of the Nazca block and a dark float rock. A long distance RMI mosaic of dark lenses beneath a planar surface on the “Mishe Mokwa” ridge was to be made. Another round of environmental observation was also planned. Finally, Friday’s drive was to take the rover back towards its southerly trending route where Curiosity would continue its trek of exploration and discovery.

2026-11-11 05:05
APOD
Astronomy Picture of the Day
Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
Explanation: Don’t judge a galaxy by its size. Our home galaxy, the Milky Way, is about 100,000 light years across. This huge expanse of space contains hundreds of billions of stars! The smallest galaxies, called dwarf galaxies, are about 1/10th the size of the Milky Way and only contain a few billion stars. They are also the most common type of galaxy in the whole universe. Today’s image shows one such dwarf galaxy, NGC 4449, captured by the Hubble Space Telescope. NGC 4449 and similar dwarf galaxies are missing more oxygen than models predict. This suggests their stellar winds and supernovae are surprisingly effective at blowing away oxygen and other heavy elements. Turns out these tiny galaxies may play a big role in spreading heavy elements — the building blocks of stars, planets, and life — throughout the universe!
Tomorrow’s picture: a date in Poland
| Date: | November 11, 2026 |
|---|---|
| Credit: | NASA, ESA, A. Aloisi (STScI/ESA), and the Hubble Heritage (STScI/AURA)-ESA/Hubble Collaboration |
| Authors & editors: | Keighley Rockcliffe, Robert Nemiroff, Jerry Bonnell, Cecilia Chirenti |
| A service of: |
ASD at NASA / GSFC, NASA Science Activation & Michigan Tech. U. |
2026-11-11 05:01




Back-to-back extreme rain events inundated the Four Corners region of the U.S. Southwest in late October and early November 2026. The storms alleviated short-term drought conditions in the Southwest but caused river levels to spike to record or near-record levels in places, triggering damaging floods.
One effect of the heavy rains detected by satellites was the rapid rise of water levels in Navajo Reservoir. The change is visible in the images above, acquired on September 20 (left) and November 7 (right) with the OLI (Operational Land Imager) on Landsat 9. In that time, the lake in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado rose by nearly 60 feet (18 meters), according to data from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (Note that the Bureau of Reclamation decreased releases from Navajo Dam on September 16 and 17.)
On November 7, the reservoir stood at its highest level since August 2019 and at 108 percent of the average capacity for that date. That contrasts with September 20, when it held just 60 percent of its average capacity. Due to snow drought across the West in winter 2025-26, the lake saw relatively little growth in the spring, when snowmelt often raises water levels.
The San Juan, Piedra, and other rivers swelled with runoff amid the wet weather. Pagosa Springs, Colorado, a town along the San Juan River about 40 miles (64 kilometers) northeast of the lake, was especially hard-hit by flooding. In the first round of rain, 5.05 inches (12.8 centimeters) fell in the town, and on October 23 the river reached major flood stage. After more rain, the river spiked again on November 1, this time nearly to the record level set in 1911 during a devastating flood. Officials issued evacuation orders, and responders rescued dozens of people, according to news reports, while water inundated streets and damaged property.
Heavy rain and flooding have been widespread across southwest Colorado, southeast Utah, northern Arizona, and northwest New Mexico in recent weeks. From early September through early November, precipitation totals were 2 to 4 times the average throughout the Four Corners region—an area beset by long-term drought that was exacerbated by snow drought and high temperatures in 2026.
Though the downpours posed hazards to communities along many rivers, they did provide drought relief throughout the region. Weekly U.S. Drought Monitor maps, derived from a suite of satellite data products and ground-based observations, have indicated improvements to drought conditions due to the fall storms. The group’s November 3 summary noted that “short-term drought has ended for the Southwest and Great Basin,” although long-term drought persists in places.
Wet weather in the Southwest is often associated with El Niño events, when the segment of the jet stream flowing eastward near the equatorial Pacific tends to strengthen. Experts noted that the low-pressure system delivering the heavy rainfall in autumn 2026 was at a low latitude for the time of year and drew energy from unusually high ocean temperatures. El Niño patterns—like the one currently underway—can increase the likelihood of moisture-laden storms being steered across the Southwest interior.
NASA Earth Observatory images by Michala Garrison, using Landsat data from the U.S. Geological Survey. Story by Lindsey Doermann.
Stay up-to-date with the latest content from NASA as we explore the universe and discover more about our home planet.

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